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Free U.S. shipping on orders over $150Liraglutide (Victoza/Saxenda) is a synthetic analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone involved in appetite regulation, glucose balance, and metabolic signaling [1].
As a modified form of native GLP-1, liraglutide is engineered to resist rapid enzymatic breakdown, allowing it to remain active in the bloodstream far longer than the naturally occurring peptide.
This extended activity enables more sustained engagement of GLP-1 receptors, which are found throughout the:
GLP-1 plays a central role in coordinating how the body manages satiety cues, blood-glucose excursions, and nutrient utilization.
Liraglutide’s influence on weight regulation stems from its ability to activate GLP-1 receptors involved in:
A systematic review analyzed the efficacy and safety of liraglutide for weight loss in non-diabetic obese or overweight adults, by synthesizing outcomes from 11 RCTs and 1,328 total participants [2].
The average age of participants was 44.5 years, and the population skewed female (~ 79%). Liraglutide administration resulted in:
The pooled evidence shows that Liraglutide is effective in promoting clinically meaningful weight loss in non-diabetic overweight and obese adults.
Liraglutide’s extended engagement of GLP-1 receptors influences several pathways tied to metabolic efficiency and cardiovascular balance.
An RCT evaluated whether liraglutide 1.8 mg/day over 26 weeks improves diabetic cardiomyopathy in 49 type 2 diabetes (DM2) patients without known cardiovascular disease [3].
At the end of the intervention, Liraglutide showed:
Liraglutide reduced early LV diastolic filling and LV filling pressures, effectively unloading the left ventricle in patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease.
Although small reductions in stroke volume and ejection fraction occurred, they remained within normal limits.
Although best known for its effects on appetite and metabolic regulation, liraglutide has also been studied for its influence on pathways relevant to bone and joint health.
GLP-1 receptors are present not only in metabolic tissues but also on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, suggesting a broader role in skeletal homeostasis.
A meta-analysis evaluated 17 animal studies to determine whether liraglutide improves bone pathology in animal models of osteoporosis [4]. Results showed that Liraglutide:
Liraglutide seems to improves osteopenia by:
These findings support liraglutide as a potentially valuable therapy for osteoporosis in diabetic patients, although higher-quality human studies are needed.
Liraglutide has also been shown to improve liver markers in mice models of non-alcoholic fatty liver. Significant reductions were noted in triglyceride content, fasting blood glucose, and LDL [5].
By extension of Liraglutide’s gastrointestinal effects, there has been evidence of gut microbiome modulation. Liraglutide increases levels of eubacteria like Bacteroidales and Akkermansia while reducing harmful bacteria like Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae [5].
GLP-1 receptors are expressed in several brain regions involved in reward, mood regulation, and cognitive processing.
Liraglutide’s protection of brain insulin receptors has been associated with reversal of cognitive impairment and memory loss in mice [6].
These emerging lines of research reflect liraglutide’s broader physiologic relevance, positioning it as a valuable tool for understanding how GLP-1 agonists influence interconnected systems across the body.
Research Use Only. All findings described above are derived from preclinical studies (animal models and in vitro experiments). Liraglutide is not approved by the FDA for any diagnostic or therapeutic use in humans. Genesis Peptides makes no claims regarding human clinical efficacy. This product is sold exclusively for laboratory research.
Every lot undergoes six independent assays before release. Results are published in the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis.
Every lot undergoes our 6-panel testing protocol: identification by ESI-MS, purification by RP-HPLC, conformity, sterility screening, quantification of net peptide content, and LAL endotoxin screening. Full analytical data is published in the Certificate of Analysis for each lot.
Lyophilized peptides should be stored at -20°C or below for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, peptides should be stored at 2–8°C and used within a reasonable timeframe depending on the specific compound. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Always store in a dry environment away from direct light.
Orders are processed within 1–3 business days after payment confirmation. Orders placed after 3:00 PM Pacific time or on weekends and holidays will begin processing the next business day. We offer free standard shipping on orders over $150. All orders are shipped in insulated packaging with ice packs when necessary. Standard delivery typically takes 2–4 business days within the continental US.
No. All compounds sold by Genesis Peptides are strictly for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research purposes only. They are not approved for human consumption, therapeutic use, or diagnostic purposes. By purchasing, you confirm the products will be used solely for legitimate research applications.
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is a document issued by our analytical laboratory that reports the results of all quality control tests performed on a specific lot of product. Each COA includes HPLC chromatograms, mass spectra, endotoxin results, and quantification data where applicable. COAs are available in our COA Library for every lot we have shipped.
Yes. We offer volume pricing for universities, research institutions, and laboratories with recurring needs. Discounts begin at 100+ units and scale with volume. Contact our team for a custom quote tailored to your research requirements.
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY — Products are sold exclusively for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research. Not for human consumption or administration. Not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Research-grade compound with certificate of analysis. Full analytical testing on every lot.
What is Melanotan I? Melanotan I, a synthetic analogue of α-MSH, acts as an agonist on melanocortin receptors, primarily MC1R [1]. This receptor plays an important role in normal skin pigmentation, found on the surface of skin pigment cells (melanocytes) [1]. Compared to Melanotan II, Melanotan I has a longer duration of action and is more resistant to enzymatic breakdown [2]. Because of its selectivity for MC1R, Melanotan I primarily influences skin pigmentation with minimal central nervous system penetration [2]. Melanotan I Effects & Benefits Tanning & Photoprotection Melanotan I stimulates tanning by binding to MC1R receptors in skin cells, increasing the production of eumelanin, the dark pigment that protects against UV damage [3]. This process enhances photoprotection. Conversely, those with mutations to this receptor produce more pheomelanin, tend to tan poorly, and have an increased risk for sunburn and skin cancer [4]. Melanotan I has been explored for photoprotection in those with these genetic conditions that heighten UV sensitivity [5]. Phase 1 studies have been conducted on Melanotan 1, in which participants received daily injections across 1-4 weeks and then exposed to limited UV-B or sunlight on specific parts of their skin [6]. Those who received the injections developed faster, darker tans than those exposed to light alone, which lasted three weeks longer and required less sun exposure to achieve. They also showed fewer sunburned skin cells, suggesting better skin protection. Neuroinflammation & Cognition Preliminary research has suggested that melanocortin activation may influence neuroprotective pathways in the brain through anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. Animal studies show reductions in brain damage, improved recovery, and limited inflammation when given soon after a stroke [7]. A phase IIa clinical trial found that Melanotan I was safe and well-tolerated in patients who suffered strokes, with no serious side effects [7]. Most patients had improved brain scans and neurological recovery, suggesting a role in protecting brain tissue, stabilizing the blood-brain barrier, and supporting neuroplasticity even when administered up to 20 hours after stroke onset [7]. Blood Pressure & Vascular Health By mimicking the effects of α-MSH, Melanotan 1 may help support vascular health by improving endothelial function and nitric oxide production, which supports blood vessel relaxation [8]. Activation of MC1 receptors found on endothelial cells may enhance circulation, reduce stiffness, and protect against vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic stress [8]. However, current data is sparse. Unlike Melanotan II, it does not significantly activate central melanocortin receptors involved in autonomic control.
Melanotan II Effects & Benefits Melanotan II is a synthetic α-MSH analogue with the ability to bind MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R receptors [R]. Compared to Melanotin I, it shows an ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, resulting in central nervous system effects including sexual behavior, appetite, and mood regulation. It has a shorter duration of action, Melanotan II Physiologic Effects Sexual Functions Melanotan II has documented effects on sexual arousal and erectile dysfunction because of its affinity for specific receptors in the brain [1]. By activating MC4R and MC3R, researchers found that it stimulated neural pathways involved in sexual motivation and performance, independent of direct sexual stimulation [1]. In animal studies, Melanotan II induced spontaneous erections and increased libido in both males and females [2, 3]. In a small study of men with psychological (not physical) erectile dysfunction, Melanotan-II triggered erections in most participants and kept them firm for much longer than a placebo [4]. Some men experienced mild side effects like nausea or yawning, but these were temporary and didn’t need treatment [4]. Pigmentation Melanotan analogs stimulate melanocytes to increase eumelanin production, leading to darker skin pigmentation [5]. While Melanotan I is highly selective for the MC1R receptor (which leads to more predictable tanning effects), Melanotan II activates multiple other receptors, which can cause broader systemic effects [6]. Appetite Regulation Melanotan II is thought to influence energy balance and appetite regulation via MC3R and MC4R activation in key regions of the brain that control hunger and satiety, the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens [7]. In an animal study, researchers gave Melanotan II to rats and found that it caused a sharp drop in food intake over two days and significantly reduced body fat and insulin levels [8]. Even when combined with another brain chemical, neuropeptide Y, which normally increases hunger and fat storage, Melanotan II blocked most of these effects [8]. By acting on specific brain regions, melanotan II seems to reduce food intake, suppress appetite, and increase thermogenesis by activating brown adipose tissue [9]. Impulse Control and Addiction Emerging research has suggested that melanotan II may modulate dopamine and oxytocin pathways, potentially influencing reward processing, mood, and addiction-related behaviors [10]. One study in rats found that injecting melanotan II into the bloodstream was able to activate oxytocin-producing brain cells, a hormone linked to bonding and social behavior. While it did not directly cause oxytocin release inside the brain, it increased the activity of neurons and was able to increase blood levels, suggesting it may indirectly boost levels through brainstem pathways [11].