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PT‑141, also known as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide structurally derived from α‑melanocyte‑stimulating hormone (α‑MSH).
It acts primarily as an agonist at melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R, in the central nervous system [1]. By doing so, it activates hypothalamic pathways, resulting in downstream signals that influence sexual arousal and associated neurobiologic responses.
PT‑141 exerts its effect through binding and activation of melanocortin receptors, especially within the hypothalamus.
Evidence from animal studies indicates that systemic administration of PT‑141 induces penile erection and activates hypothalamic neurons, as shown by increased c‑Fos immunoreactivity [1].
By working on sexual arousal and desires in the brain, PT-141’s mechanism of action differs from phosphodiesterase‑5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, which cause peripheral vasodilation.
Instead, PT‑141 stimulates arousal via central neurochemical cascades, including increased dopamine release in key brain regions governing sexual function. This also means combining PT-141 with PDE5 inhibitors can have additive effects. Also, PT-141 is more effective in females than PDE5.
Across preclinical and clinical studies, PT-141 demonstrated the ability to increase sexual arousal in both men and women, with dose-dependent efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in the controlled research setting.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was combined with preclinical animal studies to investigate the effects of PT-141 on sexual dysfunction [1].
Preclinical results suggests that PT-141:
The parallel clinical trial found that intranasal PT-141 up to 20 mg, produced significant improvements in erectile function compared to placebo. The erectile response rates were dose-dependent, with higher doses achieving a significant increase in rigidity and duration of erection (p < 0.05).
Adverse events were generally mild to moderate, with the most common being dose-dependent, transient nausea and flushing.
Phase I data shows that subcutaneous doses of PT‑141 (10 mg, 20 mg) increased duration of base rigidity ≥ 80% in healthy males.
Phase 2A results indicated significantly longer durations at the 20 mg dose, with common adverse events including flushing and nausea.
Co-administration of PT‑141 (7.5 mg) plus sildenafil (25 mg) enhanced erectile response over sildenafil alone [2].
Two identical Phase 3 RCTs enrolled a total of 2,449 premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). 1,247 participants were included in the safety population, and 1,202 in the modified intent-to-treat efficacy analysis [3].
Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either bremelanotide 1.75 mg or placebo administered subcutaneously on an as-needed basis over 24 weeks.
Bremelanotide administration resulted in:
The most common adverse events (≥10% in both studies) were nausea, flushing, and headache. Most events were mild to moderate in severity.
These findings support the potential of bremelanotide in modulating sexual desire in female populations.
Preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that PT‑141 (bremelanotide) is generally safe in research settings, with most adverse events being mild to moderate and transient.
The most frequently reported side effects include nausea, flushing, and headaches [4].
PT-141 is associated with transient and mild cardiovascular effects, including:
These effects peaked within a few hours and returned to baseline within approximately 8–10 hours.
Importantly, there was no net increase in overall myocardial workload [5].
Activation of melanocortin receptors can contribute to hyperpigmentation on the face, gums, and breasts.
This was rare with dosing protocols in research settings (fewer than eight doses per month). However, this became more common with daily consecutive dosing [6].
A single case of acute hepatitis was reported in a participant after approximately 20 subcutaneous doses over one year.
Significant elevations in aminotransferases and mild hyperbilirubinemia, resolved after discontinuation of PT‑141 [6].
Every lot undergoes five independent assays before release. Results are published in the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis.
Every lot undergoes our 4-panel testing protocol: HPLC purity analysis, ESI-MS identity confirmation, LAL endotoxin screening, and amino acid analysis (for peptides >15 residues). Full analytical data is published in the Certificate of Analysis for each lot.
Lyophilized peptides should be stored at -20°C or below for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, peptides should be stored at 2–8°C and used within a reasonable timeframe depending on the specific compound. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Always store in a dry environment away from direct light.
Orders placed before noon PST, Monday–Saturday, ship the same day. We offer free standard shipping on orders over $150. All orders are shipped in insulated packaging with ice packs when necessary. Standard delivery typically takes 2–4 business days within the continental US.
No. All compounds sold by Genesis Peptides are strictly for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research purposes only. They are not approved for human consumption, therapeutic use, or diagnostic purposes. By purchasing, you confirm the products will be used solely for legitimate research applications.
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is a document issued by our analytical laboratory that reports the results of all quality control tests performed on a specific lot of product. Each COA includes HPLC chromatograms, mass spectra, endotoxin results, and amino acid analysis where applicable. COAs are available in our COA Library for every lot we have shipped.
Yes. We offer volume pricing for universities, research institutions, and laboratories with recurring needs. Discounts begin at 10+ units and scale with volume. Contact our team for a custom quote tailored to your research requirements.
— Products are sold exclusively for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research. Not for human consumption or administration. Not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Research Use Only. All findings described above are derived from preclinical studies (animal models and in vitro experiments). PT 141 is not approved by the FDA for any diagnostic or therapeutic use in humans. Genesis Peptides makes no claims regarding human clinical efficacy. This product is sold exclusively for laboratory research.
