2,400+ researchers supplied
99+ COAs published
6-panel tested every lot
Processing within 1–3 business days
FREE SHIPFree U.S. shipping on orders over $150Free U.S. shipping on orders over $150
Free U.S. shipping on orders over $150Snapshot:
Thymalin is a polypeptide isolated from the thymus gland and has been studied for its role in supporting immune function. Research suggests it has a role in influencing T-cell activity, cytokine modulation, oxidative defense, aging processes, and cellular resilience.
Thymalin is a polypeptide, naturally derived and isolated from the thymus gland [1]. Endogenous Thymalin naturally declines with age, paralleling thymic involution and reduced immune efficiency. It consists of short peptides, typically 2–8 amino acids in length, that support gene expression in immune and hematopoietic cells [1]. The dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp, often referred to as the EW peptide, is the bioactive fragment with the most notable immunoregulatory properties [2]. Research demonstrates it can influence cytokine production, enhance communication between immune cells, and contribute to a healthier immune system responsiveness [2]. Because it can act at low concentrations, it has become a promising candidate in targeted immunomodulation strategies [1].
Although often confused with Thymulin, Thymalin is a polypeptide extract, while Thymulin is a zinc-dependent non-peptide hormone [1, 3]. Thymalin is thought to regulate thymic activity more broadly than Thymulin, which appears to enhance specific thymic hormone functions [1, 4].
Thymalin is clinically studied as a potential molecule that supports immune balance, antioxidant defenses, and tissue repair processes and promotes healthy cellular aging through multiple biologically active pathways.
Thymalin supports immune function by promoting T-cell differentiation, improving cytokine signaling, and enhancing lymphocyte activity [1]. In hematopoietic stem cells, it reduced the expression of CD44 and CD117, which are molecules associated with early stem cell proliferation and maintenance. This indicated a shift toward the development of mature immune cells [1]. These cell also had significant increases in CD28 expression, found on CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, critical for T-cell activation and viral immunity [1].
In a comparative study, Thymalin significantly improved immune cell counts in those with respiratory viral infection, whereas standard therapy had minimal effects [5]. It increased total leukocyte counts by 25% and lymphocytes by 92%, despite lower baseline lymphocyte counts compared to controls [5]. Monocytes measured in blood rose by 55% with Thymalin compared to 42% on standard therapy, and eosinophils increased 4.6-fold versus 3.1-fold, respectively [5]. Thymalin also enhanced adaptive and innate immunity, raising T- and B-lymphocytes and NK cells by 2–2.4 times and boosting CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+HLA-DR+ cells by 2.2–3.4 times. In contrast, standard treatment including antiviral, antibiotics, and oxygen had no significant impact [5]. These findings suggest Thymalin has a role in restoring immune competence in conditions where immunity may be compromised.
Thymalin has demonstrated broad anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential. Its short peptide composition, particularly EW and KE dipeptides, can penetrate the cell nucleus and bind to specific DNA and histone regions [6]. This capability modulates gene expression involved in cytokine production, antioxidant defense, and tissue repair processes [5].
Molecular modeling shows that the EW and KE peptides interact with DNA regions that regulate key inflammatory genes, including ACE2, CYSLTR1, and CHUK – proteins deeply involved in driving cytokine-storm responses during severe viral infections [2]. In cell-based studies in a human mononuclear cell model of LPS-induced inflammation, Thymalin and its dipeptides reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by 1.4–6-fold, showing a direct capacity to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis [2].
Beyond acute immune modulation, thymalin may reduce oxidative stress, stabilize cyclic nucleotide balance, enhance neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis, and support tissue regeneration [7]. Studies in various pathological models show reduced apoptosis and improved metabolic markers, suggesting that Thymalin helps restore cellular homeostasis and promotes recovery across multiple organ systems [7].
Geroprotective Benefits
Thymalin has been widely investigated for its geroprotective potential. Long-term studies in aging models show promising effects across multiple physiological systems, with potential to preserve cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic function while reducing chronic, low-grade inflammation which is one of the major contributors to biological aging [4]. It appears to promote greater resilience and functional stability as the body ages, supporting T-cell production, normalizing cytokine activity, and influencing key regulatory pathways involved in immune and endocrine balance [4].
In one study spanning up to 8 years involving 266 older adults, researchers found Thymalin – either alone or combined with a pineal peptide – helped to normalize core physiological functions, including cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, and metabolic markers [8]. Those receiving peptide therapy experienced a 2–2.4-fold reduction in acute respiratory infections, fewer cardiovascular complications, and improved bone health and had significantly lower mortality [8].
References
1 Khavinson, V. K., Linkova, N. S., Kvetnoy, I. M., Polyakova, V. O., Drobintseva, A. O., Kvetnaia, T. V., et al. (2020) Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 170, 118–122 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-05016-z
2 Linkova, N., Khavinson, V., Diatlova, A., Petukhov, M., Vladimirova, E., Sukhareva, M., et al. (2023) The influence of KE and EW dipeptides in the composition of the Thymalin drug on gene expression and protein synthesis involved in the pathogenesis of a respiratory infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., MDPI AG 24, 13377 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713377
3 Reggiani, P. C., Schwerdt, J. I., Console, G. M., Roggero, E. A., Dardenne, M. and Goya, R. G. (2014) Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr. Pharm. Des., Curr Pharm Des 20, 4690–4696 https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140130211157
4 Reggiani, P. C., Schwerdt, J. I., Console, G. M., Roggero, E. A., Dardenne, M. and Goya, R. G. (2014) Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr. Pharm. Des. 20, 4690–4696 https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140130211157
5 Kuznik, B., Khavinson, V., Shapovalov, K., Linkova, N., Lukyanov, S., Smolyakov, Y., et al. (2021) Peptide drug thymalin regulates immune status in severe older patients. Adv. Gerontol., Pleiades Publishing Ltd 11, 368–376 https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079057021040068
6 Khavinson, V. K., Linkova, N. S., Chalisova, N. I. and Ivko, O. M. (2021) The use of thymalin for immunocorrection and molecular aspects of biological activity. Biol. Bull. Rev., Pleiades Publishing Ltd 11, 377–382 https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086421040046
7 Avolio, F., Martinotti, S., Khavinson, V. K., Esposito, J. E., Giambuzzi, G., Marino, A., et al. (2022) Peptides regulating proliferative activity and inflammatory pathways in the monocyte/macrophage THP-1 cell line. Int. J. Mol. Sci., MDPI AG 23, 3607 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073607
8 Khavinson, V. K. and Morozov, V. G. (2002) Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin. Adv. Gerontol., Adv Gerontol 10, 74–84
Research Use Only. All findings described above are derived from preclinical studies (animal models and in vitro experiments). Thymalin is not approved by the FDA for any diagnostic or therapeutic use in humans. Genesis Peptides makes no claims regarding human clinical efficacy. This product is sold exclusively for laboratory research.
Every lot undergoes six independent assays before release. Results are published in the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis.
Every lot undergoes our 6-panel testing protocol: identification by ESI-MS, purification by RP-HPLC, conformity, sterility screening, quantification of net peptide content, and LAL endotoxin screening. Full analytical data is published in the Certificate of Analysis for each lot.
Lyophilized peptides should be stored at -20°C or below for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, peptides should be stored at 2–8°C and used within a reasonable timeframe depending on the specific compound. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Always store in a dry environment away from direct light.
Orders are processed within 1–3 business days after payment confirmation. Orders placed after 3:00 PM Pacific time or on weekends and holidays will begin processing the next business day. We offer free standard shipping on orders over $150. All orders are shipped in insulated packaging with ice packs when necessary. Standard delivery typically takes 2–4 business days within the continental US.
No. All compounds sold by Genesis Peptides are strictly for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research purposes only. They are not approved for human consumption, therapeutic use, or diagnostic purposes. By purchasing, you confirm the products will be used solely for legitimate research applications.
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is a document issued by our analytical laboratory that reports the results of all quality control tests performed on a specific lot of product. Each COA includes HPLC chromatograms, mass spectra, endotoxin results, and quantification data where applicable. COAs are available in our COA Library for every lot we have shipped.
Yes. We offer volume pricing for universities, research institutions, and laboratories with recurring needs. Discounts begin at 100+ units and scale with volume. Contact our team for a custom quote tailored to your research requirements.
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY — Products are sold exclusively for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research. Not for human consumption or administration. Not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
What Is Thymosin Alpha 1 and How Does It Work? Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1 or TA1) is a 28-amino acid peptide naturally present and isolated from the thymus. It holds an integral role in regulating inflammation, restoring immunity, and enhancing immune tolerance [1]. These functions are crucial for defenses against viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, as well as for inhibiting autoimmunity and tumorigenesis. Immunomodulatory Actions of Thymosin Alpha 1 Tα1 stimulates the innate, adaptive, and humoral immune responses, acting as agonists of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 9 and 2 in specialized antigen-presenting cells, such as myeloid and dendritic cells [1]. Moreover, Tα1 can increase the levels of cytokines: IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon (IFN) α and γ [1]. These actions are fundamental for fighting viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. On the other hand, Tα1 down-regulates IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, reducing the inflammatory response that may be responsible for autoimmunity and cytokine storms [1]. Tα1-induced immunosuppression can prevent cytokine storm, a catastrophic event seen in some infectious diseases or sepsis. Finally, Tα1 promotes T-cell maturation into CD4+/CD8+ T cells and activates natural killer cells, giving it a crucial role in anti-cancer immunity [1]. Thymosin Alpha 1 Benefits Tα1 has been rigorously tested and has a track record of safety. Since its discovery in the early 1980s, it has been used in various clinical settings as adjuvant treatment, and it has been approved for treating hepatitis B and C in some countries [1]. Besides hepatitis B and C, Tα1 has been proven to be a beneficial treatment for patients with HIV, serving as a safe adjuvant to antiretroviral therapy [1]. In addition, it has shown positive effects in immunocompromised patients following bone marrow transplant or in lowering mortality in patients with sepsis [1, 2]. Tα1 also improves immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine [1]. Additionally, Tα1 helps regulate immunity and reduce inflammation in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, likely through its anti-inflammatory activity [3]. Infections Tα1 has been used as an adjuvant therapy in many infectious diseases, including chronic hepatitis B and C, HIV, pseudomonas [4], and mold pneumonia in immunocompromised patients [4]. As an adjuvant in HIV antiretroviral therapy, it helps in increasing CD4+ cell count, stimulates the function of CD4+ cells, and decreases viral load [1]. In addition, Tα1 significantly increases levels of sjTREC in patients with advanced HIV disease, in contrast with the dramatic decline of sjTREC levels as the disease progresses and naive T cells are depleted. An important feature of Tα1 is that it also has an immunomodulatory role that can mitigate sepsis and cytokine storms. A single-blind randomized control trial conducted in six tertiary hospitals in China demonstrated 9% lower mortality in the Tα1-treated group compared to the control group of patients with sepsis [2]. Cancers The anti-tumor effect of Tα1 was studied both in cancer cell lines and in vivo. It has been studied as a single immunotherapeutic agent or combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery. Tα1 inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, as well as promotes immunosurveillance by increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and tumor antigens [3]. In 2015, Guo et al. concluded that Tα1 can decrease proliferation and induce apoptosis in human cancer cell lines such as human leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and other cancers [1]. Tα1 has shown promising results in patients with malignancies. Tα1 tripled the response rate to dacarbazine in stage IV melanoma patients, compared to dacarbazine alone. It also has proven beneficial effects in head, neck, and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as lung and breast cancer, possibly acting as an immune checkpoint inhibitor [1, 3]. Autoimmunity and Chronic Immune Responses Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus are characterized by a dysregulated immune system. Tα1 levels are not only dramatically lower in patients with psoriatic arthritis when compared with healthy individuals but also when compared with patients with systemic lupus or rheumatoid arthritis [5].
What is TB500 (Thymosin Beta 4)? TB500 peptide is a shorter, bioactive fragment of thymosin beta-4, designed to focus on thymosin beta-4’s most therapeutically relevant region, the 7-amino acid sequence LKKTETQ responsible for actin binding and tissue regeneration [1]. Though structurally simpler than the full-length thymosin beta-4, TB500 peptide retains potent biological activity [5]. The number 500 in TB500 is added as a commercial name, without biological or scientific significance. Key biochemical features include: Actin-binding domain [6]: Essential for cytoskeletal regulation, enabling cell migration and tissue remodelling. Essential amino acid residues [6]: Support actin polymerization and cellular mobility. No post-transitional modifications [6]: As a synthetic peptide, TB500 lacks glycosylation or phosphorylation, ensuring structural stability. What does TB500 do? TB500 exerts multi-system effects, supporting wound healing, reducing inflammation, promoting cell regeneration, and enhancing immune defenses [1]. Tissue repair and regeneration TB500 accelerates tissue repair by binding actin, a key structural protein in cells. This interaction stimulates stem cell recruitment and differentiation at injury sites, migration of skin cells to close wounds faster, and formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to improve oxygen and nutrient delivery [1]. It also enhances collagen alignment and increases laminin-5, both essential for strong and well-structured tissues [7]. Simultaneously, it reduces the number of scar-forming cells, minimizing fibrotic tissue formation [8]. Animal studies have confirmed TB500 peptide’s ability to reduce tissue damage, speed up recovery, and promote healing even in challenging conditions [9]. Human trials suggest that topical formulations are safe and effective in wound repair. Emerging data also support the potential role of TB500 in neurological and cardiac tissue regeneration, aiding recovery after events like stroke or heart attack [9]. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects Following tissue injury, high levels of inflammation can damage tissues and lead to permanent scarring. TB500 peptide mitigates this response, lowering the levels of inflammatory cells and the chemical signals they release [1]. This has downstream impacts of reducing tissue swelling, protecting healthy tissue, and creating an environment supportive of proper healing with less scar tissue formation [1]. A key anti-inflammatory mechanism involves the NF-kB signalling pathway, which controls the expression of many pro-inflammatory genes. TB500 inhibits NF-kB activation, prevents p65 subunit phosphorylation, and blocks nuclear translocation of NF-kB [10]. These actions have been demonstrated in corneal, cardiac, and liver tissues. The NF-kB inhibition contributes to reduced inflammation and improved healing responses in these tissues [10]. TB500 peptide modulates the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) pathway, which is central to innate immune responses [11]. Through upregulation of microRNA-146a, TB500 can suppress this pathway, promoting anti-inflammatory effects [11]. For this reason, TB500 may indirectly support the repair of gut barriers by improving the proliferation and migration of cells, and supporting tissue healing processes. Furthermore, a peptide fragment within TB500, Ac-SDKP, has been shown to reduce fibrosis (e.g., heart scarring after myocardial infarction), likely through similar anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative mechanisms [6]. Antibacterial and antiviral effects TB500 strengthens antimicrobial defenses by increasing the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as keratin 6A, CAMP, beta-defensins (BD2, BD3), and S100A8 [12]. These peptides help prevent bacterial adherence and enhance immune clearance of pathogens [12]. TB500 also boosts TLR4 expression, enhancing the recognition of bacterial invaders like LPS-producing pathogens [12]. When combined with antibiotics, TB500 enhances the activity of 12-LOX and 15-LOX enzymes, which promote resolution of inflammation and tissue restoration [12]. This synergy highlights TB500’s potential as an adjunct to antimicrobial therapies—supporting not only microbial defense but also repair of infected tissues.
