NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme found in every cell of the body, primarily involved in redox reactions and energy metabolism. It plays a significant role in various biological processes such as DNA repair, cell signaling, immune function, and aging.

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What is NAD+?

NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, energy production, and maintaining cellular health. NAD+ is essential for the transfer of electrons during redox reactions, particularly in the mitochondria, which are the cellular structures responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

NAD+ levels decline naturally with age, which has been linked to numerous age-related diseases and conditions. There has been growing interest in understanding the role of NAD+ in aging and exploring the potential therapeutic benefits of boosting NAD+ levels through supplementation or other interventions. Some studies suggest that increasing NAD+ levels may improve cellular health, energy metabolism, and overall healthspan, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the long-term effects and safety of such interventions.

What are the potential benefits of NAD+?

NAD+ and Improved energy production: NAD+ is essential for metabolic pathways involved in producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy source for cells. Higher NAD+ levels can support more efficient energy production and cellular function.

NAD+ and Enhanced DNA repair: NAD+ serves as a substrate for enzymes like poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins, which play a role in repairing damaged DNA. Maintaining adequate NAD+ levels can help support DNA repair processes and promote genomic stability.

NAD+ and Cellular defense and stress response: NAD+ is involved in regulating cellular defense mechanisms, such as antioxidant production and the unfolded protein response. This can help protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress, misfolded proteins, and other stressors.

NAD+ and Healthy Aging: NAD+ is necessary for the activation of sirtuins, a family of proteins implicated in aging, metabolism, and stress response. Adequate NAD+ levels can help support healthy aging by promoting cellular health and stress resistance.

NAD+ and Neuroprotection: Some research suggests that maintaining optimal NAD+ levels can support brain health by enhancing neuronal function, reducing inflammation, and promoting neurogenesis (the growth of new neurons).

NAD+ and Improved mitochondrial function: NAD+ is involved in various mitochondrial processes, including energy production and mitochondrial biogenesis (the creation of new mitochondria). Higher NAD+ levels can support better mitochondrial function and overall cellular health.

While these benefits are associated with maintaining optimal NAD+ levels, it is important to note that more research is needed to understand the long-term effects of increasing NAD+ levels through supplementation or other interventions fully. As always, consult a healthcare professional before using any new supplement or treatment.

References:

  1. Verdin, E. (2015). NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science, 350(6265), 1208-1213. [Link: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6265/1208]
  1. Rajman, L., Chwalek, K., & Sinclair, D. A. (2018). Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence. Cell Metabolism, 27(3), 529-547. [Link: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(18)30054-1]
  1. Garten, A., Schuster, S., Penke, M., Gorski, T., de Giorgis, T., & Kiess, W. (2015). Physiological and pathophysiological roles of NAMPT and NAD metabolism. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 11(9), 535-546. [Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.117]
  1. Bonkowski, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2016). Slowing ageing by design: the rise of NAD+ and sirtuin-activating compounds. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 17(11), 679-690. [Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrm.2016.93]
  1. Canto, C., Menzies, K. J., & Auwerx, J. (2015). NAD+ metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis: a balancing act between mitochondria and the nucleus. Cell Metabolism, 22(1), 31-53. [Link: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(15)00252-3]
  1. Yoshino, J., Baur, J. A., & Imai, S. I. (2018). NAD+ intermediates: the biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metabolism, 27(3), 513-528. [Link: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(18)30052-8]
  1. Fang, E. F., Lautrup, S., Hou, Y., Demarest, T. G., Croteau, D. L., Mattson, M. P., & Bohr, V. A. (2017). NAD+ in aging: molecular mechanisms and translational implications. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 23(10), 899-916. [Link: https://www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine/fulltext/S1471-4914(17)30145-9]
  1. Imai, S. I., & Guarente, L. (2014). NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends in Cell Biology, 24(8), 464-471. [Link: https://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/fulltext/S0962-8924(14)00069-4]
  1. Massudi, H., Grant, R., Braidy, N., Guest, J., Farnsworth, B., & Guillemin, G. J. (2012). Age-associated changes in oxidative stress and NAD+ metabolism in human tissue. PloS One, 7(7), e42357. [Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042357]
  1. Martens, C. R., Denman, B. A., Mazzo, M. R., Armstrong, M. L., Reisdorph, N., McQueen, M. B., … & Seals, D. R. (2018). Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1-11. [Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03421-7]

 

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