Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form), commonly abbreviated as NAD⁺, is a naturally occurring coenzyme found in all living cells. It has gained interest in research due to its roles in mediating various cellular anti-aging processes.
It plays a central role in redox reactions, acting as an electron carrier in metabolic processes such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation [1, 2, 3].
Structurally, NAD⁺ consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: one nucleotide contains an adenine base, and the other contains nicotinamide [4].
Image source [4]
In cellular systems, NAD⁺ functions as a substrate for a range of enzymes, including:
In its oxidized form (NAD⁺), the molecule accepts electrons and is converted into its reduced counterpart, NADH, which subsequently donates those electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain for ATP production [8].
However, NAD⁺ itself remains a molecule of focus for research exploring its direct biochemical interactions within various intracellular compartments, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria.
Intracellular NAD⁺ levels decline with cellular aging, demonstrated in several mammalian tissues [9]. Various anti-aging hormeses, such as caloric restriction and cold exposure, work partly by increasing cellular NAD+.
This observation has created interest in longevity research and has launched multiple investigations into NAD⁺ precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in both animals and humans [10], [11].
Age-associated declines in NAD⁺ levels have been linked to impaired mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, and reduced sirtuin activity [9].
Lower NAD⁺ concentrations correlate with diminished autophagy, shortened telomeres, and lowered PARP DNA repair activity [12, 13]. Age-related NAD⁺ depletion also impairs endothelial function and contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation [14].
Although NAD+ is a PARP substrate, it’s unclear whether increasing physiologic NAD+ concentration can meaningfully improve DNA repair.
A clinical trial with 21 healthy smokers orally supplemented nicotinic acid (0, 50, or 100 mg/day) over 14 weeks to track various biological and DNA associated parameters. After 14 weeks, results found [15]:
Although nicotinamide supplementation did not activate markers of DNA repair, larger sample size studies and comparison to healthy individuals are needed.
NAD+ supplementation can tangibly improve whole-body metabolic health.
An RCT of 30 overweight or obese adults over 45 received 1,000 mg/day of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (MIB-626) (2 x 500 mg tablets twice daily) vs. placebo for 28 days to see whether NAD⁺ levels could be safely boosted and improve markers of cardiometabolic health [16].
Results showed that MIB-626 supplementation:
NAD+ supplementation is a powerful way to curb addictive behaviors.
A pilot study investigated the effects of intravenous NAD+ and enkephalinase combination infusions on cravings and psychological outcomes in 50 individuals with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) [17].
The cohort included a diverse group of poly-drug-dependent individuals. Behavioral changes were evaluated using Likert scales, measuring craving, anxiety, and depression levels before and after infusion therapy.
IV NAD+ infusions resulted in:
All reductions followed a dose-dependent linear trend, with greater improvements observed over time. The study shows the potential application of NAD/NADH as a stand-alone treatment in attenuating symptoms of addiction.
Research Use Only. All findings described above are derived from preclinical studies (animal models and in vitro experiments). NAD+ is not approved by the FDA for any diagnostic or therapeutic use in humans. Genesis Peptides makes no claims regarding human clinical efficacy. This product is sold exclusively for laboratory research.
Every lot undergoes five independent assays before release. Results are published in the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis.
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No. All compounds sold by Genesis Peptides are strictly for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research purposes only. They are not approved for human consumption, therapeutic use, or diagnostic purposes. By purchasing, you confirm the products will be used solely for legitimate research applications.
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is a document issued by our analytical laboratory that reports the results of all quality control tests performed on a specific lot of product. Each COA includes HPLC chromatograms, mass spectra, endotoxin results, and amino acid analysis where applicable. COAs are available in our COA Library for every lot we have shipped.
Yes. We offer volume pricing for universities, research institutions, and laboratories with recurring needs. Discounts begin at 10+ units and scale with volume. Contact our team for a custom quote tailored to your research requirements.
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY — Products are sold exclusively for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research. Not for human consumption or administration. Not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.